In conclusion, the hybrid integration of photonic elements with the LN film is an effective technique for built-in photonics that will stay away from the etching of LN. However, irrespective of whether the LN film functions to be a leading cladding or a substrate, the transition decline amongst The 2 https://-lithiumniobatecrystal38382.post-blogs.com/53575448/the-basic-principles-of-lithium-niobate-crystal